New challenges and problems emerged during the same period.

This situation catalyzed the infamous economic depression that affected the south 2. Many whites continued to oppress the poor in the south even after Reconstruction. A new system of taxation emerged during the period. Many African-Americans in the south also became part of Reconstruction.

New laws emerged in order to empower more blacks in the south. Many people in the south also benefited from state-funded institutions. Several African Americans were appointed to different offices. According to the author, Reconstruction equipped more people with voting rights. However, given the opportunity for reflection inherent in the published word, the authors and editors have made some small changes to enhance readability.ĥ Hildebrand, Reginald, The Times Were Strange and Stirring: Methodist Preachers and the Crisis of Emancipation ( Durham, 1995) CrossRef Google Scholar Glymph, Thavolia, Out of the House of Bondage: The Transformation of the Plantation Household ( New York, 2008) CrossRef Google Scholar Mitchell, Mary Niall, Raising Freedom's Child: Black Children and Visions of the Future After Slavery ( New York, 2008) Google Scholar Schwalm, Leslie A., A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina ( Champaign–Urbana, 1997) Google Scholar Frankel, Noralee, Freedom's Women: Black Women and Families in Civil War Era Mississippi ( Bloomington, 1999) Google Scholar Saville, Julie, The Work of Reconstruction: From Slave to Wage Laborer in South Carolina, 1860–1870 ( New York, 1994) Google Scholar Edwards, Laura, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction ( Champaign–Urbana, 1997) Google Scholar Williams, Heather Andrea, Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom ( Chapel Hill, 2005) and Help Me to Find My People: The African American Search for Family Lost in Slavery (Chapel Hill, 2012).The author also examines the era from a political perspective. The written version on the following pages largely preserves the feel and tone of the original oral presentations by the contributors.

Steven Hahn, The University of Pennsylvania.

Downs, City College of New York and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York

Heather Andrea Williams, The University of Pennsylvania.

Kate Masur (Northwestern University) organized and introduced the discussion, and the commentators in order of speaking were the following: The forum commemorated the twenty-fifth anniversary of the publication of Eric Foner's Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. What follows is a written reproduction of a forum held at the annual meeting of the Organization of American Historians in San Francisco in April 2013.

Eric foner view on reconstruction